International Efforts to Combat Global Warming

Wahaj Ali Hamza — Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Global warming is one of the biggest challenges facing humanity in years. It refers to long-term changes in temperature patterns on the planet as a result of natural and human factors. Human factors dominate over natural factors among the causes of global warming. Human activities represented by burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas constitute the main cause of climate change, through the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, which settle in the atmosphere and trap heat, thus leading to its rise , while natural causes include changes in the activity of the sun. , successful volcanic eruptions, and others. These changes have prompted many countries around the world to make efforts and take a set of measures that contribute to confronting and reducing the problem of climate change. Since the early 1990s, the international community has sought to make more efforts in an attempt to find practical solutions to solve the problem of global warming, which has become a source of It is a concern for many countries and international organizations, and these efforts have resulted in the conclusion of many international treaties and agreements.

Detection of Human-Transmissible Animal Viruses in Meat Markets: A Survey Using PCR Techniques

Muhannad Moeen Abdallah — Fri, 13 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of animal viruses transmissible to humans in meat products traded in Iraqi markets, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Sixty equal samples were collected from three types of meat: poultry, red meat, and fish (20 samples for each type). The study focused on detecting hepatitis E viruses, adenovirus, and rotavirus, as these are among the viruses most associated with foodborne illnesses.

The results showed a high percentage of contaminated samples, with 71.7% of samples testing positive for viruses, particularly HEV, AdV and RV reflecting the seriousness of markets with poor sanitary conditions. Analysis revealed differences in contamination rates depending on the type of meat, with poultry and red meat being more susceptible to contamination. PCR was also proven effective as a sensitive and accurate method for the early detection of foodborne viruses.

The study concluded that markets that lack regular health supervision represent a fertile environment for the transmission of viruses from animals to humans, posing a threat to public health. The findings were supported by comparison with similar studies in Brazil and Laos, which emphasized the seriousness of open markets as a major source of viral epidemics. The study recommends strict market controls, the implementation of periodic PCR testing programs, and increased health awareness among consumers and food chain workers.

Journal Siplieria Sciences

International Efforts to Combat Global Warming

Detection of Human-Transmissible Animal Viruses in Meat Markets: A Survey Using PCR Techniques