Foraminifera as Evidence of the Existence of Mangrove Swamp in Southern Iraq
Main Article Content
Abstract
The current study aimed to prove and determine the area of the mangrove swamp in the Iraqi coast (southern Iraq), depending on the appearance of foraminifera, where these species are typical in their representation of the mangrove swamp environment. By examining the nature of the sediments in which the sandy silt sediments predominates over the presence of the silty and mudy sediments, it is expected that the rise of the sea level to a level beyond the presence of the mangrove swamp and the contribution of tectonic depression in the region may be the cause of the disappearance of the swamp. Dry climate conditions after mid-Holocene and its persistence to date may have a significant impact on the chances of a mangrove swamp emerging again.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Alfaro, A. C. (2010). Effects of mangrove removal on benthic communities and sediment characteristics at Mangawhai Harbour, northern New Zealand. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67(6), 1087-1104. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq034
Al-Khayat, J., & Balakrishnan, P. (2014). Avicennia marina around Qatar: tree, seedling and pneumatophore densities in natural and planted mangroves using remote sensing. International Journal of Sciences.
Aqrawi, A. A. (1995). Correction of Holocene sedimentation rates for mechanical compaction: the Tigris-Euphrates Delta, Lower Mesopotamia. Marine and petroleum geology, 12(4), 409-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(95)96903-4
Aqrawi, A. A. (2001). Stratigraphic signatures of climatic change during the Holocene evolution of the Tigris–Euphrates delta, lower Mesopotamia. Global and Planetary Change, 28(1-4), 267-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00078-3
Behling, H., Cohen, M. C., & Lara, R. J. (2001). Studies on Holocene mangrove ecosystem dynamics of the Bragança Peninsula in north-eastern Pará, Brazil. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 167(3-4), 225-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00239-X
Bermúdez, P. J. (1935). Foraminiferos de la costa norte de Cuba. Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural, 9, 129-224.
Chmura, G. L. (2009). Tidal salt marshes. The management of natural coastal carbon sinks, 5.
Hait, A. K., & Behling, H. (2009). Holocene mangrove and coastal environmental changes in the western Ganga–Brahmaputra Delta, India. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 18, 159-169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-008-0203-5
Ellison, J. C., & Stoddart, D. R. (1991). Mangrove ecosystem collapse during predicted sea-level rise: Holocene analogues and implications. Journal of Coastal research, 151-165.
Folk, R. L. (1980). Petrology of sedimentary rocks. Hemphill publishing company.
Furukawa, K., & Wolanski, E. (1996). Sedimentation in mangrove forests. Mangroves and salt marshes, 1, 3-10.
Gennari, G., Rosenberg, T., Spezzaferri, S., Berger, J. P., Fleitmann, D., Preusser, F., ... & Matter, A. (2011). Faunal evidence of a Holocene pluvial phase in southern Arabia with remarks on the morphological variability of Helenina anderseni. The Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 41(3), 248-259. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.41.3.248
Ghasemi, S., Zakaria, M., Abdul-Hamid, H., Yusof, E., Danehkar, A., & Rajpar, M. N. (2010). A review of mangrove value and conservation strategy by local communities in Hormozgan province, Iran. Journal of American Science, 6(10), 329-338.
Godoy, M. D., & Lacerda, L. D. D. (2015). Mangroves response to climate change: a review of recent findings on mangrove extension and distribution. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 87(2), 651-667.
Goldstein, S. T. (1976). The distribution and ecology of benthic foraminifera in a South Florida mangrove environment (Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida).
Issa, B. M. (2006). Sedimentological and palaeontological study of Tidal flats-Northwest of the Arabian Gulf. Unpublished M. Sc. thesis, collage of science, University of Basrah.
Issa, B. M. (2018). First Registration of Discorinopsis aguayoi Bermúdez and Discorinopsis vadescens Cushman and Todd from the Iraqi coast and their environmental implication. Marsh Bulletin, 13(1).
Javaux, E. J., & Scott, D. B. (2003). Illustration of modern benthic foraminifera from Bermuda and remarks on distribution in other subtropical/tropical areas. Palaeontologia electronica, 6(4), 29.
Jones, R. W. (2013). Foraminifera and their applications. Cambridge University Press.
Lees, G. M., & Falcon, N. L. (1952). The geographical history of the Mesopotamian plains. The Geographical Journal, 118(1), 24-39.
Loeblich Jr, A. R., & Tappan, H. (2015). Foraminiferal genera and their classification. Springer.
Marius, C., & Lucas, J. (1991). Holocene mangrove swamps of West Africa sedimentology and soils. Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East), 12(1-2), 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(91)90056-5
Moore, G. E., Grizzle, R. E., Ward, K. M., & Alshihi, R. M. (2015). Distribution, pore-water chemistry, and stand characteristics of the mangroves of the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Coastal Research, 31(4), 957-963. https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-14-00142.1
Naidoo, G. (2009). Differential effects of nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment on growth of dwarf Avicennia marina mangroves. Aquatic Botany, 90(2), 184-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2008.10.001
Hillier, S. (1995). Erosion, sedimentation and sedimentary origin of clays. In Origin and Mineralogy of Clays: Clays and the Environment (pp. 162-219). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Nicholls, R. J., & Cazenave, A. (2010). Sea-level rise and its impact on coastal zones. science, 328(5985), 1517-1520. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185782
Phleger, F. B. (1960). Ecology and distribution of recent foraminifera. (No Title).
Plaziat, J. C., & Younis, W. R. (2005). The modern environments of Molluscs in southern Mesopotamia, Iraq: A guide to paleogeographical reconstructions of Quaternary fluvial, palustrine and marine deposits. Carnets de Géologie/Notebooks on Geology, (A01), 1-18.
Saifullah, S. M. (1997). Mangrove ecosystem of Red sea coast (Saudi Arabia).
Schneider, P. (2011). The discovery of tropical mangroves in graeco-roman antiquity: Science and wonder. J. Hakluyt Soc, 3, 1-16.
Sissakian, V., Shihab, A., Al-Ansari, N., & Knutsson, S. (2014). Al-Batin alluvial fan, southern Iraq. Engineering, 6(11), 699-711. https://doi.org/10.4236/eng.2014.611069
Spalding, M., Blasco, E., & Field, C. (1997). World Mangrove Alias. The International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems: Okinawa, Japan.
Steiner, D. C., & Butcher, W. A. (1981). Foraminifera from mangrove shores, Bermuda. Micron (1969), 12(2), 223-224.
Ward, R. D., Friess, D. A., Day, R. H., & Mackenzie, R. A. (2016). Impacts of climate change on mangrove ecosystems: a region by region overview. Ecosystem Health and sustainability, 2(4), e01211. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehs2.1211
Yacoub, S. Y. (2011). Geomorphology of the Mesopotamia plain. Iraqi Bull. Geol. Min. Special Issue, (4), 7-32.
Zahed, M. A., Rouhani, F., Mohajeri, S., Bateni, F., & Mohajeri, L. (2010). An overview of Iranian mangrove ecosystems, northern part of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 30(4), 240-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2010.03.013
Zhou, Y. W., Zhao, B., Peng, Y. S., & Chen, G. Z. (2010). Influence of mangrove reforestation on heavy metal accumulation and speciation in intertidal sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(8), 1319-1324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.03.010